According to our database records, no one by the name Thomas or Tom Williams applied for the scholarship in '91, '92 or '93,' according to an e-mail from Joyce Knight of the Rhodes Scholarship Trust that was forwarded by Elliott Gerson, the trust's American secretary. The present paper is part of a larger project to investigate the hypothesis that traditional Arab linguists were well acquainted with some of the main ideas and concepts of modern pragmatics.

• Reactionary Definition Simple
• Reactionary Definition

Reactionary Definition Simple

What are Locationaries?

Locationaries are spatial dictionaries. They keep track of correctly spelled words along with the location in the world where those words are accurately spelled.

MapSpeller spell checks both conventionally and spatially.

Conventional dictionaries, which are lists of words that are deemed correctly spelled, don't offer the ability to take the geographic/coordinate location of words in maps into consideration when proofing them; Locationaries do. Locationaries are 'maps' of correctly spelled words, maps of dictionary words.

Locationaries and Data Frame Objects

Reactionary Definition

Spatial spell-checking is the ability to proof a word while taking the geographic/coordinate location of such word into consideration. The primary purpose of Locationaries is to enable spatial spell checking of location-bound words within a data frame. Map annotations and geodatabase contain such words.

Radius spell-checking is the process of proofing words by specifying that words will be considered correctly spelled if they are located within a certain distance (the radius) of a Locationary feature. Radius spell-checking can also be used to detect:

1. Geographic names that are farther from the feature they represent than an acceptable distance (the radius).
2. Features whose 'labels' have been switched.

Locationaries and Layout Page Objects

Locationaries can also be used to indirectly proof non-location-based text residing on the layout page. Locationary words used to check data frames can be temporarily exported into a conventional dictionary and then re-used to proof words from the layout page. This is particularly useful in proofing layout text that contains the names of localities being mapped, such as in layout titles.

Locationary Format

Locationaries are however different from standard GIS feature classes by, for example, the meaning of a feature, the fact that features don't have to represent real-word objects; the fact that they are not built thematically (roads versus towns).

Locationaries can be made language dependent or not by end users.

At MapSpeller 4.1, Locationaries are currently implemented as theme-independent polygon shapefiles. They are theme-independent in the sense that, unlike conventional feature classes, they can contain all sorts of polygon features, including parcels, buffered roads, buffered name places, etc. The only common characteristics between those features is that they all have to:

1. Be polygonal. The polygon geometry represents the minimum geographic extent where the spelling is valid.
2. Have a text field called 'NAME' containing the dictionary word or word combination.
3. Be in the same defined coordinate system.

Locationary Types and Availability

They are two types of Locationaries: personal and shared. Those types of Locationaries are analogous to personal and enterprise dictionaries.

• Personal Locationary

The personal Locationary belongs to the logged-in individual user and is where only he/she can save Locationary features that he/she deems correctly spelled and located. Doing so prevents such spelling from reappearing over and over in the MapSpeller Potential Error dialog at each encounter of the spelling within the valid location/extent. Features within the personal Locationary only influence its owner.

At Version 4.1, MapSpeller distributes a single, multilingual, editable, personal Locationary per user. Users can choose to set it to a coordinate system of their choice or to a default generic worldwide system when they start using MapSpeller. The coordinate system can thereafter be changed using standard ArcMap practices.

• Shared/Enterprise Locationaries

Shared Locationaries are also called enterprise Locationaries. Their purpose is also to prevent that spellings deemed correctly spelled and located be considered errors. The bulk of Locationary features should reside inside enterprise Locationaries as opposed to personal Locationaries so they can be reviewed and stored once by the organization and shared multiple times among its members. Such Locationaries may include all the correctly spelled and located roads, name places, etc. within the enterprise area of interest, and therefore can be very large. They should be shared instead of duplicated.

As of this writing, Edgetech is not providing any enterprise Locationaries. However,

• Users can easily turn feature classes into Locationaries and then activate such Locationaries.
  
• Edgetech America, Inc. is considering developing an ArcGIS Server Locationary extension and offering related services. With such system, MapSpeller users would be able to request that words be spatially spell checked by an in-house or an Edgetech ArcGIS Server. Please contact Edgetech America, Inc. if you are interested by such services.

Adding or Removing Locationary Features

MapSpeller provides a couple of interfaces for adding or removing features from personal Locationaries.

Users can also take advantage of the fact that all Locationaries have the same format as polygonal feature classes and therefore can be edited using well-known ArcMap procedures.

Locutionary, Illocutionary and Perlocutioary Acts Between Modern linguistics and Traditional Arabic Linguistics

Abstract

The present paper is part of a larger project to investigate the hypothesis that traditional Arab linguists were well acquainted with some of the main ideas and concepts of modern pragmatics. In this paper the researcher tries to find out whether Arab linguists were familiar with one of the major tenets of speech–act theory, namely, the analysis of a speech act (SA) into locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary acts, which J.L. Austin used in his analysis of speech acts. It is a commonplace assumption in the history of modern linguistics that speech-act theory and its key features were first proposed by Austin in the middle of the 20th century. The aim of this paper is to question that assumption; therefore, the problem or the question that the researcher undertakes to answer is whether Arab linguists of the past knew speech acts and were able to analyse them before modern linguists and philosophers like Austin , and consequently to see whether these aspects of the theory have a longer history than is assumed in the literature. The first part of the paper gives a survey of the above concepts as they appear in modern linguistic literature in the west . The second part deals with the Arabs' contribution to the same concepts and aspects of the theoryin an attempt to show their familiarity with them centuries before modern linguists. The method the researcher uses to achieve his aim is quoting from traditional books of Arab and Muslim linguists (rhetoricians and jurisprudents ) . Using samples of such quotations with special reference to directives , the researcher finds adequate evidence to support his hypothesis that Arab and Muslim linguists were familiar with the above concepts and analyses . The only difference is terminological and does not affect the findings in any significant way . The present paper is only a first step : It is recommended that future research should be carried out along the same lines to answer similar questions with even more adequate evidence .